In clinical practice, physicians often rely on cardiac biomarker measurements; for example, troponin I (cTnI) and CK-MB are commonly used to diagnose myocardial infarction (heart attack), and NT-proBNP is a gold-standard biomarker for heart failure. Because heart attack and heart failure are often interrelated, clinicians increasingly rely on multiplexed biomarker testing for a more precise risk stratification and earlier intervention.

However, such multiplexed testing is currently performed using large, expensive centralized laboratory analyzers, limiting its availability in decentralized and time-critical settings.