To treat or manage various heart, gastrointestinal and neurological conditions, including arrhythmias, heart block, gastroparesis, epilepsy and some nerve injuries, doctors rely on a technique known as electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation entails the delivery of small electrical pulses to target locations to prompt the activation of nerves, muscles or organs.

Many existing approaches for delivering electrical stimulation rely on electronic devices that are permanently or temporarily implanted inside the body. These devices can sometimes fail, cause adverse effects and might need to be surgically removed.